In measuring GDP from the expenditure side ( \(\left.\mathrm{GDP}=C_{a}+I_{a}+G_{a}+N X_{a}ight)\), which of the following expenditures are included and within which of the four categories?

a. expenditures on automobiles by consumers

b. expenditures on automobiles by firms

c. expenditures on new machinery by Canadianowned forest companies located in Canada

d. expenditures on new machinery by Canadianowned forest companies located in the United States

e. expenditures on new machinery by U.S.-owned forest companies located in Canada

f. reductions in business inventories g. purchases of second-hand cars and trucks h. the hiring of economic consultants by the Manitoba government i. the purchase of Canadian-produced software by a firm in Japan