Consider the following five situations. In which situation would a borrower be best off and in which situation would a lender be best off?
a. The nominal interest rate is 6 percent and the inflation rate is 3 percent.
b. The nominal interest rate is 13 percent and the inflation rate is 11 percent.
c. The nominal interest rate is 3 percent and the inflation rate is –1 percent.
d. The real interest rate is 8 percent and the inflation rate is 7 percent.
e. The real interest rate is 5 percent and the inflation rate is 9 percent.