Explain the pitfalls in the following statements.
a. People who eat kale on a regular basis are more likely to exercise every day than people who do not eat kale.
Therefore, exercising daily causes people to eat kale.
b. Whenever the Chicago Cubs are down by 2 runs in the eighth inning, they usually come back to win whenever self-proclaimed Cubs fanatic Cassandra decides to watch the game with her pet ferret Bobo. Last night with the Cubs down by 2 runs in the eighth, Cassandra rushed to grab Bobo and as she expected, the Cubs won the game.
Obviously, the Cubs won because Cassandra watched the game with Bobo by her side.
c. The manager of a large retail furniture store found that sending his least productive salespeople to a week-long motivational training workshop resulted in a 15 percent increase in sales for those employees. Based on this success, the manager decided to spend the money to send all of his other salespeople to this workshop so sales would increase for everyone.