Mark each of the following as observed score (X), true score (T), or error (E)

1. During a timed, two-hour exam, both of Celia’s mechanical pencils ran out of lead causing her temporary distress and a loss of several minutes of precious time.

2. After completing an on-line measure, Shana was informed she was in the 73rd percentile of extraversion. 

3. Despite not knowing the content, Tomás provided totally lucky guesses to 3 out of 5 multiple-choice questions on a recent Business Ethics quiz.

4. After dedicating his life to science, Jerry repeatedly took the same 20-item IQ test every month for 15 years. A researcher then averaged Jerry’s IQ scores to derive an overall score.

5. Jeff gloated that the score on his Early Elementary Education final exam was five points higher than Stephanie’s score.