What alternative “test” to the APGAR could an obstetrics nurse or doctor use to assess newborn functioning? What would be the advantages and disadvantages compared to the APGAR test shown in Table 1.1?

Table 1.1

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Sign Appearance (color) Pulse (heartbeat) Grimace (reflex) Activity (muscle tone) Respiration (breathing) Points 0 Pale or blue Not detectible No response Flaccid None 1 Body pink, extremities blue Lower than 100 bpm Grimace Some movement Slow, irregular 2 Pink (normal for non-Caucasian) Higher than 100 bpm Lusty cry A lot of activity Good (crying)