Classify the following nudges as either a “potentially advantageous default nudge,” an “information or encouragement nudge,” or “not a nudge.”

a. A firm redesigns its health enrollment form so that employees must explicitly choose to forgo health insurance.

b. Your local city sends you an annual report of average water usage per resident with your actual usage along with tips for conserving water.

c. Government raises the taxes on gasoline to reduce pollution.

d. A consumer-advocacy group sets up a site with a side-

by-side comparison of auto insurance cost based on estimated risk of drivers.