In 1997, a Dutch charity sponsored an incentive program in which teachers received prizes equal to about 30 percent of their salary if their students improved their scores on a standardized test.

a. What effect would you expect the program to have on test scores?

b. If not all the teachers’ students were required to take the test, how would the program have to treat students who did not take the exam?

c. What would be the most likely way in which the program would change what teachers did?