Rand purchased a sofa from Abby Department Store for use in her home. Abby had her sign a security agreement for the balance Rand owed. Rand did not pay the balance and sold the sofa to her neighbor, Gram, for use in his home.

Gram did not realize that Rand had not paid off the balance.

Abby filed a financing statement after Rand defaulted. This filing was also after Gram purchased the sofa from Rand.

Which of the following is correct?

a. Abby can repossess the sofa from Gram since it has a written security agreement covering the sofa.

b. Abby can repossess the sofa from Gram since it perfected its security agreement by filing.

c. Abby can repossess the sofa from Gram since it obtained automatic perfection.

d. Abby has no right to repossess the sofa from Gram.