(a) Estimate the minimum fraction of the rest mass energy of the hydrogen that must have undergone...

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(a) Estimate the minimum fraction of the rest mass energy of the hydrogen that must have undergone nuclear reactions inside stars to have ionized the remaining gas when a ∼ 0.1.

(b) Suppose that these stars radiated 30 times this minimum energy at optical frequencies. Estimate the energy density and frequency of this stellar radiation background today.

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