For each of the following modes studied earlier in this chapter, identify in the CMA diagram the phase speed, as a function of frequency ω, and verify that the turning on and cutting off of the modes, and the relative speeds of the modes, are in accord with the CMA diagram’s wave-normal curves.

(a) Electromagnetic modes in an unmagnetized plasma.

(b) Left and right modes for parallel propagation in a magnetized plasma.

(c) Ordinary and extraordinary modes for perpendicular propagation in a magnetized plasma.