A study at Bentley College, a large business school in the eastern United States, examined students’ anxiety levels toward the subject of accounting (“Determinants of Accounting Anxiety in Business Students,” J. College Teach. Learn. 2004). A representative sample of 1020 students completed the Accounting Anxiety Rating Scale (AARS) questionnaire; higher scores (out of 100) indicate greater anxiety. Summary data broken down by grade level appears in the accompanying table.

a. Comment on the plausibility (or necessity) of the normality and equal variance assumptions for this example.
b. Test at ∝ = .05 the hypothesis that the mean accounting anxiety level for business students varies by class level.

c. Apply the Tukey–Kramer method to identify significant differences among the μ_i’s.

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Class level Freshman Sophomore Junior Senior Graduate n 86 224 225 198 287 X 48.95 51.45 52.89 52.92 45.55 S 9.13 11.29 11.32 11.32 10.10