Question: 10.38. Give an example of three variables for which the effect of X on Y would be (a) Spurious, disappearing when X2 is controlled (b)

10.38. Give an example of three variables for which the effect of X\ on Y would be

(a) Spurious, disappearing when X2 is controlled

(b) Part of a chain relationship, disappearing when an intervening variable X2 is controlled

(c) Weakened, but not eliminated, when X2 is controlled

(d) Unaffected by controlling X2

(e) Different at differentlevels ofX2 (i.e.,showing interaction)

(f) Confounded with the effect of X2

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