Previously in this chapter, we determined that the variable of transformational leadership was significantly affected by gender when controlling for education level.

Transformational leadership consists of four subscales: idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. As a result, in this MANCOVA analysis, we will examine gender (Psex) differences in transformational leadership by combining its fours subscales (IdealizedInfluence, InspirationalMotivation, IntStimulation, and IndConsideration) while controlling for education level (educ2). Use the leadership.sav data set.

a. Develop the appropriate research questions and/or hypotheses for main effects and interaction.

b. Screen data for missing data and outliers. What steps, if any, are necessary for reducing missing data and outliers?

c. Test the assumptions of normality and linearity of DVs and covariate.

i. What steps, if any, are necessary for increasing normality?

ii. Are DVs and covariate linearly related?

d. Conduct a preliminary MANCOVA to test the assumptions of homogeneity of variance, homogeneity of covariance, and homogeneity of regression slopes/planes.

i. Can you conclude homogeneity of variance and homogeneity of covariance?

Which test statistic is most appropriate for interpretation of multivariate results?

ii. Do factors and covariate significantly interact? Explain.

e. Conduct MANCOVA.

i. Does the covariate significantly adjust group means for the combined DV?

Explain.

ii. Are main effects significant? Explain.

iii. What can you conclude from univariate ANOVA results?

f. Write a results statement.