Which of the following statements are TRUE?

I. Zakat is treated as an expense if the managing director so decides.

II. Zakat is treated as an expense if the annual general meeting makes this its resolution.

III. Zakat is treated as an expense if it is stated in its charter or by laws.

IV. Zakat is treated as an appropriation if the law requires the company to satisfy its zakat obligations.

a. I and II

b. II and III

c. I, II, and III

d. I, II, and IV