Does job training work? A state institutes a job-training program for manufacturing workers who lose their jobs. After five years, the state reviews how well the program works. Critics claim that because the state’s unemployment rate for manufacturing workers was 6% when the program began and 10% five years later, the program is ineffective. Explain why higher unemployment does not necessarily mean that the training program failed. In particular, identify some lurking variables (see page 118 in Chapter 2) whose effect on unemployment may be confounded with the effect of the training program.