For each scenario, indicate whether the design is correlational (C), experimental (E), or quasi-experimental (QE). For the variable in bold, indicate whether it is a predictor variable (PV), criterion variable (CV), independent variable (IV), dependent variable (DV), or grouping variable (GV).

a. A psychologist is curious if sex has an impact on anxiety. She observes male and female nurses as they give shots to patients. Just before the injection, she asks the patients to rate how anxious they are.

b. A researcher is curious how color affects children’s activity levels.

He takes a noncolorful breakfast cereal and dyes it in bright colors.

When a child comes to his lab, he randomly assigns him or her to receive the colorful or noncolorful version. He then lets the child play in a ball pit and times, to the nearest second, how long he or she plays.

c. A researcher thinks it is eyes that control how attractive a person is.

She gets a sample of college students and takes highresolution images of their faces. She prepares two sets of photos, one of their full faces and one of just their eyes. She goes to another college and assembles two panels of raters. One panel rates how attractive the eyes are and the other panel rates the faces. Each panel rates on a scale of 0 to 100.

d. Can humans echolocate? A researcher advertises for subjects who don’t mind getting bruises and 20 volunteers show up. He randomly assigns them to two groups. He teaches one group to click their tongues and listen for the sound to bounce back. He teaches nothing to the other group. He then puts each person in a totally dark room that is filled with obstacles like chairs and tables for ten minutes. The volunteer is instructed to walk around and form a mental map of the room. While each person is walking around the room, the researcher counts how many times he or she bumps into an object.

e. Does fussiness as a baby predict fussiness as an adult? A psychologist has mothers classify their babies as fussy or not. Thirty years later, she tracks down the babies and has their spouses rate them on a scale that measures how difficult they are to please.