Asian countries because lighter skin colour is associated with higher economic status. However, this belief is not created by marketers. Anthropologists point out that Asian cultures, and Thailand in particular, have long histories of associating darker skin tones with outdoor peasants and field workers and lighter skin tones with higher socio-economic status. Citra’s advertising was criticised because it showed two female students –

one lighter-skinned than the other – and asked them what would make them ‘outstanding in uniform’. The darker girl seemed confused and didn’t answer, while the lighter girl answered with Citra’s product slogan. After considerable social media outcry, Citra pulled the ad, but it did not stop a related scholarship competition.

The competition offered a 100,000 baht (€3,750) prize for the college student best demonstrating ‘product efficacy’ – that is, the whitest skin. The company claims its products help people feel good about themselves and enhances their self-esteem. pg98