Fields of packed records (Example 8.8) cannot be passed by reference in Pascal. Likewise, when passing a subrange variable by reference, Pascal requires that all possible values of the corresponding formal parameter be valid for the subrange:

Using what you have learned about parameter-passing modes, explain these language restrictions.

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type small = 1..100; R = record x, y : small; end; packed record x, y : small; end; S = var a : 1..10; b: 1..1000; C : R; d: S; procedure foo (var n : small); begin n := 100; writeln(a); end; a := 2; foo (b); foo (a); (* ok *) (* static semantic error ) foo(c.x); (* ok *) foo(d.x); (* static semantic error *)