Multiple choice questions:

1. Still thinking about causation, ___________ is used to describe the importance of making sure the cause actually did occur prior to any effect.

A. time sequence

B. absence of spuriousness

C. correlation

D. theoretical rationale

2. ____________, in 1977, concluded that delinquents scored on average 8 IQ points lower than non-delinquents.

A. Hirschi and Hindelang

B. Durkheim

C. Merton

D. Binet and Simon

3. Under classical criminology, all of the following are true EXCEPT:

A. criminals engage in crime because they freely choose to

B. criminals engage in hedonistic calculus prior to choosing to commit a crime

C. focus should be on the actor with a plan to treat medically whatever one’s problems might be

D. too much severity in punishment can actually increase crime

4. Going concluded that criminality is due to:

A. Environmental characteristics

B. Low intelligence

C. Inherited characteristics

D. Free will