$\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{\{$What are the foundational theories underpinning civil engineering, elucidating their significance in shaping infrastructure design, construction, and maintenance practices? Explore key principles such as structural mechanics, material science, fluid dynamics, and geotechnical engineering. Investigate how these theories inform the analysis and design of bridges, buildings, dams, and transportation systems, considering factors like load distribution, environmental impacts, and sustainability. Discuss the evolution of these theories over time and their adaptation to address contemporary challenges, including climate change resilience, urbanization, and resource optimization. Ultimately, how do these theoretical frameworks serve as the bedrock for advancing the field of civil engineering and fostering societal development?