$..............$Discuss how sustainable transportation planning principles promote equitable access, environmental stewardship, and social inclusion in urban mobility systems. Analyze the concepts of transit$-$oriented development $($TOD$),$ complete streets design, and multi$-$modal transportation networks, and describe how they integrate land use, transportation, and urban design strategies to create vibrant, livable communities. Discuss how sustainable transportation planning approaches address mobility challenges, such as congestion, air pollution, and inequitable access to transportation services, and promote alternative modes of travel, including walking, cycling, and public transit, to foster sustainable urban development and enhance quality of life for residents.

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