$11$ projects go through a predictable pattern of activity, referred to as a project life cycle. The major types of project life cycle models ave some things in common. Which of these is a characteristic that all project life cycles have in common?

a$.$ They all have four phases: Selecting & Initiating, Planning, Executing, and Closing & Realizing.

b$.$ They are all predictive and plan$-$driven.

c$.$ They all involve a series of phases that need to be completed and approved before proceeding to the next phase.

d$.$ They are all based on the Project Management Institute's $5$ process groups.