$123$## What theoretical foundations underpin civil engineering practices? Exploring the theoretical framework of civil engineering involves delving into principles of mechanics, materials science, structural analysis, fluid dynamics, and geotechnical engineering. These theoretical underpinnings provide the basis for designing, constructing, and maintaining infrastructure such as buildings, bridges, roads, and dams. Understanding the theoretical aspects enables engineers to predict the behavior of structures under various loads and environmental conditions, ensuring the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of civil engineering projects.