$124$ SOlve please

What foundational theories form the basis of civil engineering practices, encompassing structural design, materials science, and construction methodologies? Explore key principles such as load$-$bearing capacities, stress analysis, fluid mechanics, and soil mechanics. Investigate how these theories inform decision$-$making processes in designing infrastructure projects, ensuring structural integrity, durability, and safety standards. Furthermore, consider the interplay between theoretical concepts and practical applications, elucidating their significance in addressing real$-$world engineering challenges and advancing the field's innovation and sustainability goals.