$1.(25$ points$)$ File System Interface

$$ Explain the different types of file systems and their respective advantages and disadvantages. Provide examples of operating systems that use each type.

$2.(12\mathrm{.}5$ points$)$ File System Implementation

$$ Describe the different methods used to allocate disk space to files. Compare and contrast contiguous allocation, linked allocation, and indexed allocation.

$3.(12\mathrm{.}5$ points$)$ Directory Structure

$$ Discuss the various directory structures used in file systems. Explain how each structure organizes files and the advantages and disadvantages of each.

$4.(12\mathrm{.}5$ points$)$ I$/$O Systems

$$ Explain the role of the I$/$O subsystem in an operating system. Describe the different types of I$/$O devices and how the operating system manages them.

$5.(12\mathrm{.}5$ points$)$ I$/$O Scheduling

$$ Discuss the various I$/$O scheduling algorithms. Explain how each algorithm works and provide an example illustrating the scheduling process for each.

$6.(12\mathrm{.}5$ points$)$ Protection

$$ Define the concepts of protection and security in an operating system. Explain the principles of protection and the mechanisms used to implement protection.

$7.(12\mathrm{.}5$ points$)$ Security

$$ Discuss the different types of security threats to an operating system. Explain the techniques used to secure an operating system against these threats.

$8.(12\mathrm{.}5$ points$)$ Case Study

$$ Choose a modern operating system and analyze its file system, I$/$O management, and security features. Discuss how the operating system addresses the concepts covered in Chapters $8-10.$