1. (30 points) Remember that 1 ns or 10-9 sec is the cycle time for a 1 GHz or 109 Hz clock. You must show your work for any partial credit. All answers must be in appropriate units.

a. How many clock cycles are required to execute a program in 10 seconds on a computer with a clock rate of 3 GHz?

b. How many instructions are executed if a program executes in 5 seconds on processor with a CPI of 2.5 and a clock cycle time of 0.5 ns?

c. Assuming negligible delays except:memory (400ps), ALU and adders (250ps), register file access (200ps). For the single-cycle CPU, what is the clock rate?

d. A program consists of 1010 instructions, all r-format instructions. What is the effective CPI for a single-cycle processor?

e. A program consists of 1010 instructions, 50% r-format, 20% store, 30% load where 50% of the reads are used in the next instruction. What is the effective CPI on the 5-stage pipeline?

f. A program consists of 1010 instructions, 30% r-format, 20% store, 10% jumps, 20% loads where 40% of the reads are used in the next instruction and 20% beq where the branch is taken 50% of the time. Assume that the beq is determined in the ID stage. What is the effective CPI on the 5- stage pipeline?

g. For the single-cycle CPU and a clock rate of 3GHz, how long will the following code take to execute? lw $t1, 4($t2) add $t1, $t1, $t1 sw $t1, 4($t2)