$1$

$($a$)($i$)$ State and explain the most common technique utilized for digitization $($Analog to digital conversion$)$ in computer networks? Mention clearly various processes and

theorems in brief involved in it with the help of block diagram?

$($ii$).$ Sketch NRZ$-$I and Differential Manchester encoding for given bit stream$-$

Show clearly bit boundaries and middle bit transitions if any for each case.

OR

$($b$)($i$).$Specify the merits and demerits of virtual circuit switching as compared to circuit

switching and datagram approach?

$($ii$).$Suppose that the sender wants to send $4$ frames each of $8$ bits, where the frames

are $11001100,10101010,11110000$ and $11000011.$ Calculate the Checksum at sender

side and mention the condition for error checking at the receiver.