$1.$ Consider the World O$1.$ Consider the World One ATL Case Study presented below. World One Advanced Technology Labs Case Study $[0001]$ Consider the following scenario. $[0002]$ World One ATL consists of the subsystems:

a$.$ Three GEO satellites $($GeoSAT$-1,$ GeoSAT$-2$ and GeoSAT$-3).$ They serve as proxy for a fleet of hundreds of satellites in geosynchronous orbit around the Earth planet.

$$b$.$ Three LEO satellites $($LeoSAT$-1,$ LeoSAT$-2$ and LeoSAT$-3).$ They serve as proxy for thousands of thousands of low earth orbit satellites the constitute a satellite mega$-$constellation.

$$c$.$ Three Ground Stations on the Earth surface, on land $($GND$-1,$ GND$-2).$ They are tasked with managing space operations, including launching spacecraft for World One and its customers.

$$d$.$ Three Offshore Stations on the Earth surface, $($OFFshore$-1,$ OFFshore$-2$ and OFFshore$-3).$ They are concerned with ocean$-$based space operations, offshore power generation for World One operations.

e$.$ Three Deep Sea Stations on the Earth surface, DeepSea$-1,$ DeepSea$-2$ and DeepSea$-3).$ They are stations with undersea and ocean floor subsystems can support spacecraft recovery as well as seafloor mining operations.

$$f$.$ Three Data Centers on the Earth surface, $($DataCtr$-1,$ DataCtr$-2$ and DataCtr$-3).$ They are tasked with all the World One Computational STEM processing, including those for SGM $+$ PAVC $($Simulations$,$ Games, Models $+$ Play, Animations, Visualizations & Computations$).$

$$g$.$ Digital Twin of the Physical assets.

h$.$ Three Multi$-$Sided Platforms, on the Earth surface, $($MSP$-1,$ MSP$-2,$ and MSP$-3).$ They integrate all the World One subsystems into a single unified technological infrastructure.

$[0003]$ Draw at least one diagram or illustration or graphics that can help to visualize the World One$$s deployed assets.

$[0004]$ For your own better understanding, describe and explain the following concepts: satellite, GEO satellite, LEO satellite, MEO satellite, satellite mega constellation, Cubesat, Digital Twin.

$[0005]$ Specify an implementation of the Digital Twin subsystem and its integration with the rest of the World One ATL.

$[0006]$ Each pair of the World One subsystems are Logically Interconnected and Associated so that the participants in the association can communicate and interact with each other.

$[0007]$ Specify, explain, and justify the presence of some plausible Physical Interconnections that are likely to be present in the World One deployment.

$[0008]$ Specify, describe, and explain clique or hyper$-$edge logical interconnections or associations, where more than two actors in the World One deployment participate in the interconnection.

$2.$ Do the tasks requested in the Case Study. Then for each concept listed below concerning computer architecture, present concrete scenario$($s$)$ from World One deployment, operations, management, maintenance and upgrades and evolution, that can be used to exemplify the architectural concept. Then present concrete scenario$($s$)$ whose implementation necessitates and requires the use of the architectural concept. Use diagrams and drawings copiously to make your characterizations understandable. Be concrete as much as possible in all cases. The goal is to demonstrate your understanding. In each case, describe and explain your understanding of the architectural concept and its significance.

$3.$ Concepts and Terms from Computer Architecture $($SW Architecture, SW$/$HW Architecture, HW Architecture$)$ CPU $$ GPU $$ GPGPU $$ TPU $$ Multi$-$core processor $$ Microprocessor $$ CPU cluster $$ GPU cluster $$ TPU cluster $$ CPU$-$GPU cluster $$ CPU$-$GPU$-$TPU cluster $$ SISD $$ SIMD $$ MIMD $$ MISD $//$ Computing with an Algebra $$ Pipeline architecture, pipelining $$ Scalar computing $$ Vector computing $$ Matrix computing $$ Tensor computing $$ Array computing $$ Nested array computing, Tree computing $//$ functions, functional combinators, algorithmic skeletons: $$ Map $$ Reduce $$ MapReduce $$ Scan, Prefix$-$Sum $$ Scatter$-$Process$-$Gather $$ Fold, Apply$-$to$-$All; Unfold $$ Zip; Unzip $$ Convolution $$ Tensor Product $//$ computational architectures: $$ Linear sequential architecture $$ Hypercube, N$-$cube architecture $$ Grid, Mesh, Array architecture $$ ANN architecture $$ Systolic computing architecture $$ Tree architecture $$ Star architecture $$ FAT Tree architecture $$ Pyramid architecture $$ Mesh$-$of$-$Tree architecture $$ Tree$-$of$-$Mesh architecture $$ Cellular Array architecture $$ Cellular Automata $$ Lattice architecture $$ Distributed computing architecture $$ Embarrassingly Parallel computing architecture $$ Sphere architecture $$ Cone architecture $$ Torus architecture $$ Tensegrity structure, Colloidal, Xerogel architecture $//$ Specialized architectures: $$ System on a chip $($SOC$)$ Biochip $$ Lab$-$On a$-$Chip $$ FPGA $$ ASIC $$ IOT network $$ PDCA cybernetic loop $$ Fault$-$tolerant architecture $$ Cloud computing $$ Utility computing $$ Grid computing $$ High Performance computing $$ Warehouse$-$scale computing $$ Peta$-$scale computing $$ Exa$-$scale computing $$ Edge computing $$ Dew computing $$ Reconfigurable architecture, dynamic architecture

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