$1.$Explain five management competencies and the trend toward bosslessness in todays world$\mathrm{.}2.$Define the four management functions and the type of management activity associated with each$\mathrm{.}3.$Explain the difference between efficiency and effectiveness, as well as their importance for organizational performance$\mathrm{.}4.$Describe technical, human, and conceptual skills and their relevance for managers$\mathrm{.}5.$Identify the personal challenges faced by new managers and ways of overcoming them$\mathrm{.}6.$Define the management types and roles that managers perform in organizations$\mathrm{.}7.$Explain the unique characteristics of the managers role in nonprofit organizations.