1. Given a 2.5 GHz CPU,

(a) Compute the duration of one clock cycle.

(b) Assume that this CPU spends 4 seconds to finish a program of 500 million instructions. How many clock cycles does it take on average to execute an instruction of the program?

(c) Assume that this CPU spends 8 clock cycles to execute data processing (arithmetic and logical) instructions and 13 clock cycles to execute data transfer (load and store) instructions. Given a program of one million instructions including 60% data processing instructions and 40% data transfer instructions, how long does it take to run this program to completion?

(d) Assume that this CPU spends 8 clock cycles to fetch the operands from the cache (with a hit ratio of 0.7), and 18 cycles to fetch the operands from main memory (cache miss). How many clock cycles are needed on average to execute the instruction?