Question: 1 . MACs ( Message Authentication Codes ) are, in principle, also vulnerable against collusion attacks. We discuss the issue in the following. Assume Oscar

1. MACs (Message Authentication Codes) are, in principle, also vulnerable against collusion attacks. We discuss the issue in the following. Assume Oscar found a collision between two messages, i.e., MAC_k(x_1)= MAC_k(x_2) Show a simple protocol with an attack that is based on a collision. 2. Even though the birthday paradox can still be used for constructing collisions, why is it in a practical setting much harder to construct them for MACs than for hash functions?

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