$1$ Overview

Each student is tasked with implementing a C program that can process any input received from the standard input $($stdin$),$ convert each byte of data to its binary representation, and display the result on the standard output $($stdout$).$

$1\mathrm{.}1$ Objectives

$$ Make a "simple" program in C

$$ Utilize C functions and libraries effectively

$$ Process input from Standard Input $($stdin$)$

$$ Send output to Standard Output $($stdout$)2$ Detailed Description

$2\mathrm{.}1$ Introduction

The C programming language, while older than high$-$level languages like C$++$ and Java, remains foundational in systems programming due to its close relationship with underlying hardware and operating systems. A fundamental aspect of C is its model of input and output. While modern languages often provide abstractions for these operations, in C$,$ we rely on foundational functions such as getchar$(),$ putchar$(),$ scanf$(),$ and printf$().$ Each of these functions has unique syntax and behavior, and mastering them is crucial for effective C programming.

In this project, you will be tasked with accepting any form of input data from the standard input $($stdin$),$ converting each byte to its binary representation, and then displaying the result on the standard output $($stdout$).$ This exercise not only enhances your understanding of C$\text{'}$s input$/$output model but also deepens your appreciation of data representation at a foundational level.

$2\mathrm{.}2$ C Input$/$Output

At its core, C handles data streams through the notion of "files". Notably, the default data streams, stdin and stdout, are treated as such "files". These, however, are pseudo$-$files. In standard operations, stdin is connected $1$ to the keyboard and serves as the primary data input stream, while stdout corresponds to the console or terminal screen, acting as the main data output stream. This means functions like scanf, printf, and their kin, by default, interact with these pseudo$-$files, unless specified otherwise. While advanced usages might involve redirecting these streams to other files or even network sockets, for this project, we'll focus on the conventional behavior.

A crucial aspect of reading data streams in C is recognizing the end of data. This is typically indicated by an Endof$-$File $($EOF$)$ marker. In Unix environments, pressing $[$cntl$-$d$]$ produces the ASCII code $04,$ symbolizing this EOF or End of Transmission. Most C programs, when processing input, will continue reading data until encountering this EOF marker. Conversely, during output operations, developers generally don't need to specify the EOF as operating systems manage this detail when generating or reading files.

$2\mathrm{.}3$ What to do

Develop a C program named "intro" that functions as a universal converter. Your program should:

$$ Accept any data input from stdin.

$$ Convert each byte of the input to its corresponding binary representation.

$$ Output the binary conversion result to stdout.

$$ Introduce a newline in the output after every eight $(8)$ binary values.

$2\mathrm{.}4$ Compiling your program

Please use gcc to compile and submit your program. specifically use the following command to compile your program:

gcc $-$std$=$c$99-$Wall $-$pedantic$-$errors $-$Werror $-$o intro

Replace with the filename for your source code. I chose intro.c for mine, and I suggest you do the same. We'll explain the other options in class, but the result should be a program called intro All your C programs in this course should be written in correct C$,$ which means they must compile and run correctly when compiled with the compiler gcc$,$ with the options $-$std$=$c$99-$Wall, $-$pedantic$-$errors, and $-$Werror. Except as noted below, you may use any C language features in your project that have been covered in class, or that are in the chapters covered so far and during the time this project is assigned, so long as your program works successfully using the compiler options mentioned above.

$2\mathrm{.}5$ Example output

$2\mathrm{.}5\mathrm{.}1$ Example $1$

project$0>$ cat gfa$1.$txt

Hello, World

project$0>./$intro $<$ gfa$1.$txt

$010010000110010101101100011011000110111100101100001000000101011101101111011100100110110001100100$ project$0>$ cat gfa$2.$txt

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ$0123456789$

project$0>./$intro $<$ gfa$2.$txt

$01000001010000100100001101000100010001010100011001000111010010000100100101001010010010110100110001001101010011100100111101010000010100010101001001010011010101000101010101010110010101110101100001011001010110100011000000110001001100100011001100110100001101010011011000110111001110000011100100001010$