1. Screening Tool: To screen Johan for potential psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, you could use the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). This tool assesses the severity of positive and negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia and can provide a quantitative measure of his symptomatology. 2. Additional Clinical Information: To make a diagnosis of schizophrenia, you would need additional clinical information, such as: - A detailed psychiatric history, including the onset and duration of symptoms. - Assessment of social and occupational functioning. - Rule out any substance use or medical conditions that might mimic psychotic symptoms. - Information about the presence of other criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), such as impaired insight. 3. Interviewing Techniques: With Johan, it's essential to use a non-confrontational, empathetic, and patient-centered approach. Motivational interviewing techniques, like open-ended questions and reflective listening, can help build rapport and encourage him to share his experiences and concerns. Additionally, exploring his beliefs and fears about the books in his backpack would be important. 4. Pharmacologic Intervention: An evidence-based pharmacologic intervention for Johan's presentation may involve antipsychotic medication, such as second-generation antipsychotics like aripiprazole or risperidone. These medications can help manage positive symptoms