1. State whether there is an average causal effect (ACE) of A on Y. If there is, state the causal path from A to Y. 2. Which set of L variables incluidng none) can be conditioned on to unbiasedly estimate the causal effect of A on Y, whether it be null or non-null? For each DAG, complete the following short sentence as appropriate: Conditioning on L alone blocks (or opens) the path .... Conditioning on L2 alone blocks (or opens) the path ... Conditioning on both Ly and L2 blocks (or opens) the path ... Conditioning on neither of L1 and L2 ... 3. Summarise your findings by completing the following table: DAG #ACE (Y/N) Unbiased if controllling for None L L L and L2 Sample Y N NY N O CON 5 6 DAG 1: L Y L2 1. State whether there is an average causal effect (ACE) of A on Y. If there is, state the causal path from A to Y. 2. Which set of L variables incluidng none) can be conditioned on to unbiasedly estimate the causal effect of A on Y, whether it be null or non-null? For each DAG, complete the following short sentence as appropriate: Conditioning on L alone blocks (or opens) the path .... Conditioning on L2 alone blocks (or opens) the path ... Conditioning on both Ly and L2 blocks (or opens) the path ... Conditioning on neither of L1 and L2 ... 3. Summarise your findings by completing the following table: DAG #ACE (Y/N) Unbiased if controllling for None L L L and L2 Sample Y N NY N O CON 5 6 DAG 1: L Y L2