1. What are the structural and functional differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

2. Describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane based on the fluid mosaic model.

3. Explain the process of protein synthesis from transcription to translation in eukaryotic cells.

4. What roles do the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus play in protein trafficking?

5. How does the mitochondrion produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation?

6. Compare and contrast passive transport, facilitated diffusion, and active transport across membranes.

7. What is the role of lysosomes in cellular digestion and autophagy?

8. Describe the phases of the cell cycle and how it is regulated.

9. How do plant cell structures like chloroplasts and cell walls differ from those in animal cells?

10. What is the role of the cytoskeleton in cell shape, transport, and division?