Question: 1. What are two reasons for using layered protocols? What is one possible disadvantage of using layered protocols? 2. An image is 1600 1200 pixels

1. What are two reasons for using layered protocols? What is one possible disadvantage of using layered protocols?

2. An image is 1600 1200 pixels with 3 bytes/pixel. Assume the image is uncompressed. How long does it take to transmit it over a 56-kbps modem channel? Over a 1-Mbps cable modem?

3. Calculate the end-to-end transit time for a packet for both GEO (altitude: 35,800 km), MEO (altitude: 18,000 km) and LEO (altitude: 750 km) satellites.

4. Three packet-switching networks each contain n nodes. The first network has a star topology with a central switch, the second is a (bidirectional) ring, and the third is fully interconnected, with a wire from every node to every other node. What are the best-, average-, and worst-case transmission paths in hops?

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