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B. Adding multiple repeating fields. C. Storing all attributes in one table. D. Copying keys between records. 10. In loT systems, MQTT is commonly used for what? A. Lightweight messaging and data exchange. B. Sensor calibration and testing. C. Encrypting database transactions. D. Local device storage. 11. A PivotTable in Excel is most useful for what purpose? A. Chart formatting. B. Dataset summarization. C. Table joining. D. File encryption. 12. What principle states that transistor density doubles periodically, enhancing computing power? A. Moore's Law. B. Pareto's Law. C. Newton's Law. D. Gartner's Law. 13. The phase in CRISP-DM where results are compared with business goals is called what? A. Evaluation. B. Modeling. C. Deployment. D, Business Understanding. 14, Which measure is less sensitive to extreme outliers in numerical datasets? A. Mean. B. Median. C. Variance. D. Standard deviation. 15. During the Deployment phase, which action ensures continuous model effectiveness? A. Setting up monitoring and performance alerts. B. Adding more training data. C. Retraining automatically without checks. D. Ignoring drift patterns. 16. The rule that attributes must be atomic with no repeating groups refers to which normal form? A. INF. B. INF. C. 2NF. D. BCNF. 17. The process of automating operations and redesigning customer experiences through technology describes what? A. Digital transformation. B. Data warehousing. C. Cloud migration. D. System optimization. 18. A printed paper receipt from a POS device is classified as what in JoT? A. Not an loT device. B, A cloud sensor. C. An actuator. D. A gateway node. . . 19. Which analytics type answers \"why did it happen?' using drilldowns and causal analysis? A. Descriptive analytics. B. Diagnostic analytics. C. Predictive analytics. D. Prescriptive analytics. 20. What is the typical train-test data split used for validating models? A. 80/20. B. 70/30. C. 90/10. D. 60/40. 21. Which SQL constraint ensures that a field uniquely identifies each row? A. Foreign key. B. Primary key. C, Check constraint. D. Trigger. 22. A current ratio compares what two components? A. Assets and liabilities. B. Profit and cost. C. Revenue and expenses. D. Cash and receivables, 23. Which category of SQL commands handles data manipulation like inserting and updating? A. DML. B. DDL. C. TCL, D. DCL. 24, A regression model tested on unseen data is going through which phase? A. Modeling. B. Evaluation, C. Data Preparation. D. Deployment. 25. Identifying products often purchased together uses what analytic method? A. Association rules. B, Regression analysis. C. Clustering, D. Time series modeling. 26. A table that links students to courses using two foreign keys is known as what? A. Bridge or junction table, B. Audit log. C. Summary table. D. Index table. 27. The analytics process known as CRISP-DM stands for what general framework