11.13 The observed difference between $80,100 and $82,500 cannot be interpreted at face value, as it could have happened just by chance. A hypothesis test permits us to evaluate the effect of chance by measuring the observed difference relative to the standard error of the mean.

(a) What form should H0 and H1 take if the investigator is concerned only about salary discrimination against female members?

(b) If this hypothesis test supports the conclusion of salary discrimination against female members, a costly class-action suit will be initiated against American colleges and universities. Under these circumstances, do you recommend using the .05 or the .01 level of significance? Why