12. [8:5 Hardware and software are logically equivalent.] T or F? For example, a computer architecture that does not have ALU support for floating-point operations can simulate the floating-point operations with software. 13. Operating systems were originally designed to automate the computer operator's job. T or F? System calls are a good example of that automation. 14. T or F? A microprogram and a machine language program are both software written at the same level of abstraction. 15. [12:2Microprograms grew fat during the golden years of microprogramming (1960s and 1970s). They also tended to get slower and slower as they acquired more bulk.] T or F? The fatness" explains why the RISC machine architecture fell into disrepute. 16. T or F? Microprogramming is not used by any of today's modern machines. 17. [13:2 From the programmer's point of view, how an instruction is actually implemented is unimportant (except perhaps for its speed).] T or F? This quote is evidence in computing of the ubiquity of the concept called abstraction. 18. T or F? Algorithms can be implemented in hardware or software. 19. Babbage's difference engine could only run one algorithm because it was not a programmable machine, but T or F? Babbage's analytical engine was designed to be programmable. Hint Who is Ada Lovelace?! 20. When a computer system's microprogramming for a particular machine language instruction is changed to fix a microprogramming error, what actually is changed? A: ALU B: control unit C: CPU registers D: the instruction's operation code E: microinstructions 21. T or F? As operating systems became larger and more sophisticated, machine language instructions were added to computer hardware to facilitate the use and development of the operating systems. 22. T or F? There is much more to the functionality of an operating system than can be seen from the application programmer's point of view. 23. T or F? A stimulus for the development of the electronic computer was its use as a tool for decryption of coded messages and its use as a tool for computing field artillery range tables during WWII