14. (T/F) Once lower-order needs are satisfied, it is difficult to predict which higher-order needs will motivate behavior.

15. According to the expectancy theory, _____________affect the conscious choices that people make about their motivation.

a. equity, value-added, and instrumentality

b. valence, expectancy, and instrumentality

c. expectancy, reinforcement, and instrumentality

d. instrumentality, equity, and expectancy

e. expectancy, equity, and reinforcement

16. Which of the following statements about goal-setting theory is true?

a. Feedback should not be specific.

b. Goals should be specific, measurable, attainable, and generalized.

c. Workers do not have to truly accept organizational goals for goal-setting theory to be motivational.

d. Goals can energize behavior.

e. None of the above statements about goal-setting theory is true.

17. Research at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors, ____ and ___ are central to successful leadership.

a. initiating structure; consideration

b. initiating structure; job-centered leadership

c. employee-centered leadership; consideration

d. concern for production; job-centered leadership

e. autonomous; participative