$2\mathrm{.}148$ Describe the principles and methodologies involved in the design and construction of large$-$scale civil engineering projects, such as bridges or dams, considering both the structural and environmental factors that influence their sustainability and resilience. Discuss the role of advanced materials, computational modeling, and innovative construction techniques in enhancing the efficiency and durability of these structures. Evaluate the challenges posed by evolving environmental conditions and population growth, and propose strategies for integrating sustainable practices and risk mitigation measures into the planning and implementation phases of such projects.