Question: 2 2 3 . Discuss the challenges and solutions associated with the construction of underground tunnels in urban environments, considering factors such as geological conditions,

223."Discuss the challenges and solutions associated with the construction of underground tunnels in urban environments, considering factors such as geological conditions, groundwater management, and structural stability. Explore tunneling methods, such as cut-and-cover, bored tunneling, and tunnel boring machines (TBMs), and their applications in various soil and rock types."

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