$2\mathrm{.}2$ PRELIMINARY WORK

A data path is a collection of functional units such as arithmetic logic units $($ALUs$)$ or multipliers that perform

data processing operations, registers, and buses. Along with the control unit it composes the central processing

unit $($CPU$).$ This lab introduces the concept of data path.

$2\mathrm{.}2\mathrm{.}2$ Objectives

After completing this lab, you will be able to:

$$ Create the Functional units through hierarchical design

$$ Understand the working of the CCU

$2\mathrm{.}2\mathrm{.}3$ Creating the Functional Unit

A data path comprises various elements, such as decoders linked to logical gates, facilitating the storage of

values in registers. Subsequently, these registers transmit data to the Central Control Unit $($CCU$),$ where

operations are executed based on specified opcodes. The resultant data is then stored in registers. This process

entails the design of data paths using modular units, which are combined to form a complete data path, termed

as hierarchical design. Establishing a simple hierarchical design aids in project development, as exemplified by

the construction of a $4-$bit shift register below.

$2\mathrm{.}2\mathrm{.}3\mathrm{.}2$ SHIFT RESISTERS

Flip flops have the capability to retain a solitary binary digit, either a $"1"$ or a $"0".$ However, for the storage of

numerous binary digits, multiple flip flops are required. Since each flip flop is designed for the storage of one

binary digit, a series of n flip flops are interconnected to accommodate n bits of data. In digital electronics, a

Register serves as a mechanism employed for data storage purposes.

Below is an illustration of a D$-$flip flop alongside a sample module: