$`2342$ "What theoretical principles underlie the design and analysis of structures in civil engineering, and how do engineers incorporate factors such as material properties, structural dynamics, and environmental loads into their designs? Furthermore, how do theoretical concepts like finite element analysis, structural reliability, and sustainability inform decision$-$making processes in the construction and maintenance of infrastructure projects? Understanding these theoretical frameworks is essential for creating resilient, cost$-$effective, and environmentally responsible civil engineering solutions."