$27\mathrm{.}97\mathrm{.}106$What are the foundational theories in civil engineering, underpinning its principles and practices? How do these theories inform the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure projects, such as buildings, bridges, roads, and dams? Explore key theoretical frameworks encompassing structural analysis, materials science, fluid mechanics, geotechnical engineering, and environmental considerations. How do these theories address challenges like load$-$bearing capacity, stability, durability, and sustainability? Additionally, how do advancements in technology and interdisciplinary approaches influence contemporary civil engineering theories, shaping innovations in construction methodologies, materials development, and infrastructure resilience?