$28\mathrm{.}93\mathrm{.}6129$In civil engineering, foundational theories underpin the design, analysis, and implementation of structures, infrastructure, and systems. Fundamental principles such as structural mechanics, material science, fluid dynamics, and geotechnical engineering form the basis of understanding how structures withstand loads, how materials behave under stress, and how environmental factors impact construction. Theories like elasticity, plasticity, and fluid flow equations are crucial for designing resilient structures, efficient transportation systems, and sustainable infrastructure. How do these theories adapt to evolving challenges in urbanization, climate change, and technological advancements, ensuring the resilience and longevity of civil engineering projects?