Question: 2. A difference between causal-comparative research and true experimental research is that in true experimental studies a. the independent variable has already been manipulated by

2. A difference between causal-comparative research and true experimental research is that in true experimental studies a. the independent variable has already been manipulated by factors outside the researcher's control. b. the selection of the dependent variable(s) has been predetermined for the researcher. c. there is no manipulation of the IV. d. there is manipulation of the IV. e. there is no independent variable

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