$2.$ B$$rje$,$ a researching PhD without a permanent position, is in trouble. His research funding is about to run out, and he has no indication that his professor will be able to provide a solution for him. When considering his options, he realizes that a research fund he could send in an application to has a deadline only a few days away. B$$rje starts working on the application immediately, works hard for the next few days, and gets most of the parts of the application in place $$ it looks pretty good too. However, he still lacks the background section, and now the deadline for the electronic submission is only an hour and a half away. $($Below two alternative chains of events are described.$)$

Among his files he finds a copy of an application that his professor audited a year ago. The background section is highly relevant for B$$rje$$s application. With only minor adjustments and an update of the references $($he knows exactly which ones to add$),$ the background would be suitable for the application. B$$rje inserts the background section from the old application into his own application, deletes a few passages, makes a few changes in the text, adds his new references, and he is done.

Fortunately the research group that B$$rje belongs to has a common application resource in the form of application text that is used, reused, changed, and added to as seen fit for different applications. Updates and new references are added over time. It would be useful for the background section in B$$rje$$s application.

Questions: $($i$)$ Do you find B$$rje$$s behavior in $($a$)$ ethically problematic? Why$/$Why not? $($ii$)$ Do you find B$$rje$$s behavior in $($b$)$ ethically problematic? Why$/$Why not? $($iii$)$ Would you be willing to argue that the behavior in $($a$)$ and $($b$)$ nevertheless is overall justified? Why$/$why not?