$2.$ Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. $($You do NOT need to explain your reasoning, but you can where you wish, and I will take such comments into consideration in the unfortunate event where your answer doesn't match my $99\backslash \%$ perfect answer key.$)(10$ points$)$Throughout the p arm of any given chromosome, only the minus strand is typically used as a template for transcription. Bacterial cells use one type of RNA polymerase to transcribe all classes of RNA, whereas to do the same, animal cells use three different types of RNA polymerase. In E$.$ coli, sigma factors are permanent subunits of RNA polymerase II$,$ and allow it to recognize consensus sequences on the promoter and extend the RNA chain. Transcription terminates in eukaryotes when RNA polymerase is dislodged from the DNA, releasing a free $\backslash (3^\{\backslash$prime$\}\backslash )$ end to which a poly$-$A tail is added. RNA splicing occurs in the nucleus, out of reach of ribosomes, and mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm only after its various processing steps are complete. For a typical eukaryotic gene, if the pre$-$mRNA was somehow able to bypass splicing and still be translated, the resulting polypeptides would almost certainly be truncated $($much shorter than intended$).$

In E$.$ coli, if one were to alter the promoter sequence in a protein$-$coding gene so that RNA polymerase II binds with lower affinity, only some of the resulting transcripts will be identical to the original transcript $($i$.$e$.,$ same length, same sequence$).$ Sigma factors are required for proper transcription initiation at specific promoters, but not for any steps in elongation or termination. When a miRNA molecule binds to the $3\text{'}$ UTR of a eukaryotic mRNA, Dicer cuts the resulting double$-$stranded RNA and begins to "chew up$"$ the mRNA via its $3"$ to $5"$ exonuclease activity. Random errors in DNA replication are more consequential to the cell than errors in transcription, which are more consequential than errors in translation.