$2.$ When turning a thin tube at its edge, the following conditions were observed:

Undeformed chip thickness

$0\mathrm{.}125$ inch

Chip thickness:

$0\mathrm{.}15$ inch

Back rake angle:

$\backslash (8^\{\backslash$circ$\}\backslash )$

Cutting speed:

$\backslash (300\backslash$mathrm$\{$ft$\}/\backslash$mathrm$\{$min$\}\backslash ).$

Calculate the

a$.$ Cutting ratio

b$.$ Shear angle

c$.$ Chip velocity